The growing widespread usage of cell phones has resulted in potential negative impacts on human health due to their use near the location of salivary glands, which might be affected by non-ionizing radiofrequency radiation emitted from cell phones. The purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of electromagnetic waves from cell phones on the salivary glands of male albino rats. Albino rats (n = 42) were divided into 6 groups (n = 7 per group). Group I, the control group, received normal saline. In Group II, animals received 200 mg/kg body weight of ethanolic extract of Moringa leaves orally by gavage for a period of 10 weeks with no cell phone radiation. In Group III, animals were exposed to the data mode for 2 hours per day for 10 consecutive weeks. In Group IV, animals were exposed to calling mode for 2 hours per day for successive 10 weeks. In Group V, animals were subjected to data mode for 2 hours per day and given 200 mg/kg of Moringa extract. Group VI: animals exposed to calling mode for 2 hours/day and receiving 200 mg/kg of Moringa extract orally for a period of 10 weeks. Salivary gland samples were prepared for histological analysis after the experiment. In histological sections, the cells lining mucous acini, granular convoluted tubules, and striated ducts displayed symptoms of atrophy, vacuolar degeneration, necrosis, and detachment from the basement membrane edoema. These outcomes were examined using a light microscope. As a result of cell phone electromagnetic radiation, male albino rats salivary glands suffered pathological alterations.

Marbofloxacin (MBX) is a 3rd generation fluoroquinolone specifically developed for animal health and is an approved antimicrobial agent for the cure of mastitis and respiratory diseases in cattle and swine. Ketoprofen (KTP) is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) belonging to the aryl propionic acid group and is used in musculoskeletal inflammation and pain, abdominal pain and other inflammatory circumstances. The objective of this study is to investigate the impact of simultaneous administration of MBX and KTP on the coagulation and biochemical parameters in calves. In the study, 18 clinically healthy calves were randomly separated into 3 groups of six animals each. The first group of calves received a single dose of MBX at 8 mg/kg, the second group received MBX at 8 mg/kg along with concurrent KTP at 3 mg/kg and the third group received only KTP at 3 mg/kg dose. The drugs were administered via intramuscular (IM) injection in the neck region. Biochemical and coagulation parameters were evaluated using an automated analyzer and coagulation analyzer, respectively. The IM injection of MBX into calves significantly increased creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) values, which may be related to muscle damage. This may limit the administration via IM route of MBX to calves. KTP increased the prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) values but decreased the fibrinogen value. It can be stated that in alone MBX, and KTP administration and their combination, further investigations are required to determine the safety of drugs after repeated administrations and other administration routes in calves.

Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is a category of acute fulminating infectious viral disease, affecting seriously sheep and goats. It is caused by PPRV that classified within a Morbillivirus; family Paramixoviridae. Vaccination is the cornerstone to protect sheep and goats against such diseases. The present work aims to provide a highly potent attenuated lyophilized PPR vaccine where three formulae were prepared including formula (1) stabilized with 1% carbomer and 2% peptone; formula (2) stabilized with 0.5% carbomer and formula (3) stabilized with 2% peptone; 10% sucrose and 0.27% dihydrogen orthophosphate. The three lyophilized PPR vaccine formulae had compact similar cacks without different shape appearances. Also, the three formulae were found to be free from foreign contaminants (aerobic and anaerobic bacteria; fungi and mycoplasma) having no significant difference in the virus titer pre- and post-lyophilization. Reduction in the virus titer post lyophilization was 0.25, 0.5 and 0.5 log10 TCID50/ml in relation to formula 1; 2 and 3 respectively. Although formula (2) induced the peak PPR serum neutralizing antibody titer earlier (128 by the 3rd week) than the other 2 formulae (128 by the 4th week); the potency test revealed that all vaccine formulae were potently inducing high protective PPR immune levels in vaccinated sheep up to 6 months post-vaccination. So, it could be suggested that carbomer accelerate the time to reach the peak of PPR antibody titers in vaccinated sheep.

Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis throughout the world, is frequently linked to food-borne illness. Products made from poultry are important sources of transmission. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the incidence of Salmonella species in Kuwait broiler flocks and determine which antibiotics are the most effective against the various Salmonella serotypes. A total of 2064 chicken samples (liver, intestine, and caecum) were collected from dead carcasses raised ten broiler flocks, between January and December 2017. The results revealed that S. enterica were found in the chicken older than 7 days old even though they did not have any signs of a clinical illness. It means that S. enterica can enter the human food supply through slaughterhouses and the contaminate carcasses. There was significant difference between the rate of Salmonella isolation and seasons, where the winter season had higher rate of Salmonella isolation compared to the other seasons. Salmonella Enteritidis and S. typhimurium were the most frequently isolated serotypes. Antimicrobials susceptibility testing showed that 88% to 60% of the isolates were sensitive to Amoxicillin Clavulanic acid. However, most of Salmonella isolates revealed high resistance to Cefotaxime, Ampicillin, Amoxicillin, Sulfamethoxazole trimethoprim followed by Gentamycin, Spiramycin, Doxycycline and Chloramphenicol. The study highlights the implementation of unique biosecurity and biocontrol strategies for Salmonella management that can prevent the negative effects of antibiotics and can make the environment and foods derived from animals safe.

This study assessed the recrudescence of Enterococci in mastitis cow milk and investigated their resistance to vancomycin. 300 samples were compiled from separate places and fields in Kirkuk, Iraq during the period from February to May, 2022. The samples were ioculated on the surface of bile esculin agar plates with sodium azide and then incubated at 37°C for 24–48 h. The characteristic pin-point colonies with a zone of black precipitate and morphologically resembling Enterococci spp. were further subjected to presumptive identification by Gram’ staining, catalase, and oxidase tests. All isolates were kept in BHIB with 30% glycerol at -70°C for further molecular detection. Enterococci isolates were tested for their susceptibility to different antibiotics by a disc diffusion technique. Based on the results of the sensitivity test, the ten isolates with the highest level of multiple resistances were selected from each of E. faecalis and E. faecium to examine the vanA, vanB genes by cPCR. The results of the bacteriological examination revealed that, 61 isolates (20.3%) of Enterococci According to phenotypic criteria; 42 isolates were E. faecalis and 19 were E. faecium. Add this to the confirmatory tests that revealed 25 isolates (8.3%) were E. faecalis and 10 isolates (3.3%) were E. faecium detected by PCR. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests indicated high levels of multi-resistant E. faecalis and E. faecium strains. Vancomycin-resistant strains were 40% and 30% for E. faecalis and E. faecium, respectively. The genetic sequences of E. faecalis and E. faecium isolates and phylogenetic trees were established and registered in GenBank-NCBI. They obtained accession numbers (OP566382) for E. faecium and (OP566380) for E. faecalis, which became references in Iraq and around the world.

The goal of the study was to find out the toxic effect of daily treatment with a-Fe2O3 nanoparticles for 14 and 28 days on some biochemical indicators in mice by measuring ferritin, transferrin, cholinesterase enzyme activity, the concentration of Caspase-3, and the concentration of glutathione and malondehyde in brain and liver tissues at doses of 75, 150 and 300 mg/kg. a-Fe2O3 nanoparticles at the dose of 75 mg/kg caused a significant decrease in the activity of the acetyl cholinesterase enzyme in the brain and liver after 14 days of treatment, compared with the control group and the doses of a- Fe2O3 (75, 150, and 300 mg/kg) led to a significant decrease in the activity of the acetyl cholinesterase enzyme in the brain after 28 days of treatment. Fe2O3 at a dose of 75 mg/kg on the 14th day and at a dose of 150 mg/kg on the 28th day of treatment resulted in a significant increase in the caspase-3 enzyme in the brain compared to the control group. While the doses of 150 and 300 mg/kg for 28 days led to a significant increase in transferrin concentration compared with the control group, The a-Fe2O3 nanoparticles at doses of 75, 150, and 300 mg/kg for 28 days caused a significant decrease in the concentration of glutathione in the liver and brain tissues compared with the control group, accompanied by a significant increase in the concentration of malondehyde in the brain and liver tissues at doses of 150 and 300 mg/kg of body weight. We conclude that repeated exposure to a - Fe2O3 nanoparticles has toxic effects on vital organs such as the brain and liver, represented by a decrease in the concentration of acetylcholinesterase and its ability to induce oxidative stress through a decrease in glutathione concentration and an increase in malondehyde concentration in mice .

Edible coats derived from a natural animal source and conveying natural active compounds to meat products may be the golden solution that sums up various preserving benefits. In this study, the main goal was to ascertain whether casein coat and casein coat enhanced with 1000 ppm Sorbic acid and 600 ppm ascorbic acid may be utilized to increase the acceptability of frozen beef kofta. In addition to the control trial, two coats were compared: a plain casein coat and a casein coat enhanced with 1000 ppm Sorbic acid and 600 ppm ascorbic acid. Organoleptic, bacteriological, proximate chemical analysis, pH, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances ("TBARS"), cooking characteristics, and instrumental colour evaluations were examined for each kofta treatment during three months of storage at -18°C. Results revealed that casein coats were able to boost several sensory attributes of raw and cooked kofta in addition to the overall acceptability of the raw product. Moreover, coats significantly decreased all tested bacterial counts and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) values in addition to maintaining compositional parameters from deteriorating during the storage period. As for cooking characteristics, they were all improved by applying casein coats when compared to the control. Casein coated with acid surpassed the plain casein coats in improving all parameters in addition to having the best colour scores for all three months of storage. It has been concluded that casein coats can be utilized to improve the quality of beef kofta without colour or flavour problems.

Edible coats derived from a natural animal source and conveying natural active compounds to meat products may be the golden solution that sums up various preserving benefits. In this study, the main goal was to ascertain whether casein coat and casein coat enhanced with 1000 ppm Sorbic acid and 600 ppm ascorbic acid may be utilized to increase the acceptability of frozen beef kofta. In addition to the control trial, two coats were compared: a plain casein coat and a casein coat enhanced with 1000 ppm Sorbic acid and 600 ppm ascorbic acid. Organoleptic, bacteriological, proximate chemical analysis, pH, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances ("TBARS"), cooking characteristics, and instrumental colour evaluations were examined for each kofta treatment during three months of storage at -18°C. Results revealed that casein coats were able to boost several sensory attributes of raw and cooked kofta in addition to the overall acceptability of the raw product. Moreover, coats significantly decreased all tested bacterial counts and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) values in addition to maintaining compositional parameters from deteriorating during the storage period. As for cooking characteristics, they were all improved by applying casein coats when compared to the control. Casein coated with acid surpassed the plain casein coats in improving all parameters in addition to having the best colour scores for all three months of storage. It has been concluded that casein coats can be utilized to improve the quality of beef kofta without colour or flavour problems.

Subclinical mastitis (SCM) is an asymptomatic worldwide udder infection that results in substantial losses to the dairy industry. Our main objective was to evaluate and compare the clinical performance of 4 commercially available screening tests for diagnosing SCM. Foremilk samples were collected from 428 quarters of 107 apparently healthy lactating cows and buffaloes from El-Menofia governorate from 2020 to 2022. Quarter somatic cell count (SCC) was estimated using the FOSS-BacSomatic® counter and the California Mastitis Test (CMT), with SCM defined as SCC > 200,000 cells/mL. Milk pH was measured cow-side using an AD11®pH-meter and BOVIVET® indicator paper. Bacterial cultures of foremilk samples were used to diagnose SCM as a reference method based on the isolation of the causative pathogens. The tests’ performance was evaluated by calculating test sensitivity (Se), specificity (Sp), and accuracy at the optimal-cut-point for each test. FOSS-BacSomatic® counter was the best-performing test for diagnosing SCM (Se = 0.967, Sp = 0.943, accuracy = 0.957) at an optimal-cut-point of >200,000 cells/mL. For comparison, CMT is the second best-performing test at an optimal-cut-point of a non-negative score (Se = 0.892, Sp = 0.878, accuracy = 0.887). The test performance of the AD11® pH-meter and BOVIVET® indicator paper was fair, however, the AD11® pH-meter performed better than the BOVIVET® indicator paper with Se = 0.807, Sp = 0.845, and accuracy = 0.822. We concluded that the FOSS-BacSomatic® counter and CMT are considered good tests for diagnosing SCM. On the other hand, milk pH doesnt provide a clinically useful method for diagnosing SCM. However, based on cost, availability and analysis time, there doesnt seem to be a persuasive reason to select the FOSS-BacSomatic® counter over the traditional CMT to diagnose SCM.

Parameters belonging to the physical status and gonadal size of certain fish provide crucial information for assessing both the productivity and fecundity of declining fish populations. These parameters are vulnerable to the negative impacts of disease agents such as internal or systemic parasites. Although parasitic diseases might influence these parameters, the literature investigating these pathophysiological alterations is scanty. Therefore, the current study represents one of the scarcest studies that document the possible link between parasitism, gonadal health, and the growth of European hake (Merluccius merluccius). Screening of imported European halves indicated a relatively high prevalence of Anisakis pegreffi Larvae 3 infestation, with an 80% prevalence rate, a mean intensity of 24.4 and a mean abundance of 19.5. However, the prevalence of Anisakid larvae infection in native fish was 36% with a mean intensity of 7.36 and mean abundance of 2.65.The current research revealed remarkable ovarian pathology that involved several forms of degenerative changes in ovarian tissues. Such gonadal pathologies were attributed to the damaging effect of the retrieved Anisakis pegreffi Larvae 3. Gonadosomatic index of both heavily infected imported/native hakes was relatively impacted by the progressive gonadal pathology resulting from Anisakis pegreffi L3 infection. Morphometric measurements of the gonads and body have revealed that, gonadosomatic index of both heavily infected imported/native hakes was relatively impacted by the progressive gonadal pathology resulting from Anisakis pegreffi L3 infection.

The study objectives were to investigate the acute toxicity and related biochemical effects of levamisole and ivermectin in mice. The 24 h oral median lethal dose (LD50) of levamisole was determined by the up-and-down method and was 155.5 mg/ kg of body weight. The treated mice showed signs of acute poisoning represented by excessive grooming, lacrimation, piloerection, straub tail, tachycardia, bulged eyes, tremor, convulsion and finally death within 24 h of treatment. The approximate lethal dose (ALD) of levamisole was 368 mg/kg, and the mice showed signs of poisoning similar to the previous signs of poisoning within 24 h of treatment. The 24 h oral LD50 of ivermectin was 115.2 mg/kg and the mice showed acute signs of poisoning, represented by excessive grooming, lacrimation, closed eyelids, piloerection, tachycardia, rapid respiration, depression, flat body appearance, paralysis and finally death within 24 h of treatment, while the approximate lethal dose of ivermectin was 121 mg/kg and also with the presence of severe poisoning signs as mentioned before. Non-lethal toxic doses of levamisole at 100 and 150 mg/kg and ivermectin at 75 and 100 mg/kg led to significant blood biochemical changes after 24 h of treatment, represented by a significant increase in the activity of the enzymes alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), and a significantly increased total bilirubin concentration in the blood plasma of mice. These results proved the presence of acute toxicity and biochemical effects of both anthelmintics levamisole and ivermectin even though they have wide safety margins.

Edible coats derived from a natural animal source and conveying natural active compounds to meat products may be the golden solution that sums up various preserving benefits. In this study, the main goal was to ascertain whether casein coat and casein coat enhanced with 1000 ppm Sorbic acid and 600 ppm ascorbic acid may be utilized to increase the acceptability of frozen beef kofta. In addition to the control trial, two coats were compared: a plain casein coat and a casein coat enhanced with 1000 ppm Sorbic acid and 600 ppm ascorbic acid. Organoleptic, bacteriological, proximate chemical analysis, pH, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances ("TBARS"), cooking characteristics, and instrumental colour evaluations were examined for each kofta treatment during three months of storage at -18°C. Results revealed that casein coats were able to boost several sensory attributes of raw and cooked kofta in addition to the overall acceptability of the raw product. Moreover, coats significantly decreased all tested bacterial counts and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) values in addition to maintaining compositional parameters from deteriorating during the storage period. As for cooking characteristics, they were all improved by applying casein coats when compared to the control. Casein coated with acid surpassed the plain casein coats in improving all parameters in addition to having the best colour scores for all three months of storage. It has been concluded that casein coats can be utilized to improve the quality of beef kofta without colour or flavour problems.

Antimicrobial resistance is considered a major threat facing humanity. It doesnt only affect public health, but also causes great losses in the dairy industry. Mastitis is a major threat to the dairy industry. The aim of this study was to monitor the antimicrobial resistance of Escherichia coli (E. coli) collected from raw milk of both healthy and mastitis-infected cows and buffaloes in Egypt. In total, 450 milk samples were collected and examined in the period from 2018 to 2021. The samples were collected from healthy cows and buffaloes (30, 58), suffering from clinical mastitis (139, 223), respectively. E. coli was isolated from 33 mastitis milk samples (9.1%) and from 3 (3.4%) normal milk samples. The antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed using the disc diffusion method (Kirby-Bauer method). E. coli isolated from mastitis milk samples showed resistance The Extended Spectrum b-Lactamases test (ESBL) performed on the E. coli isolates showed positive results in 9% of mastitis milk samples, but no results in normal milk samples. Out of 36 E. coli isolates, 34 possessed the ampC gene, but blaTEM and blaSHV were detected in 5 isolates with percentages of 94%, 1.4%, and 1.4%, respectively, while BlaIPM and Sul1 were found in one isolate (2.7%).

Many types of bioactive materials are categorized as bone tissue substitutes for reconstruction and regeneration of bone defects, such as nano-hydroxyapatite. The objective of the present study was to radiologically evaluate the bone healing process in experimentally induced tibial defects in dogs treated with two different viscosity concentrations of nano-hydroxyapatite gel. Twelve adult, healthy Mongrel dogs were included. A critical size bone defect of 3–0.7 cm was induced surgically in the lateral border of the tibial bone of the right limb of all dogs enrolled in this study. The dogs were then categorized into two treatment groups: Group 1 (6 dogs): The defect was filled with prepared hydroxyapatite nanogel at a concentration of 33%, and Group 2 (6 dogs) hydroxyapatite nanogel at a concentration of 24% was used as a filling material. The healing process of the tibial defect and associated clinical and radiolographical findings were recorded in all studied groups at 30 and 60 days postoperatively. The results of the current study showed complete healing of the induced defect in the absence of any signs of pain or discomfort. Radiographically, there was an increase in radiographic density in the first group at 60 days. There is continuing healing in the late stage of the bone segment with the surrounding area and a crossing callus with cortical irregularities, denoting a chronic periosteal reaction and a good healing process. In the second group, the defect was completely filled with cortical thickening, which appears denser, denoting a periosteal reaction. In conclusion, using hydroxyapatite nanogel with high viscosity as a bone substitute contributed to progressing bone tissue regeneration with good callus formation and giving perfect mechanical support to defective bone.

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of supplementing rabbits does with nano-zinc (NZn), nano-moringa (NMo), or moringa extract (MoE) on their growing rabbits (GR; fed on a moringa diet) behaviour, performance, and weaning stress alleviation. Twenty four does were equally divided into 4 groups; NZn-treated dams, NMo-treated dams, moringa extract MoE-treated dams, and non-treated dams (control; NTD) throughout gestation, lactation, and until the weaning of neonates. Immediately after weaning at about 35 days of age, 48 GR (12 from each treated dam group) were subdivided into 8 equal groups (each 12 GR/gp divided into 2 sub-groups: n = 6 per each); one sub group fed on a basal diet (BD) and the other fed on a 5% Moringa olifera-containing ration (MD) for 4 weeks. Feed intake (FI), body weight, and behavioural changes in the GR were recorded. Blood samples were collected at the termination of the experiment to assess oxidative stress (MDA, GSH), growth indicators (T3, T4), and liver and kidney functions. As a result, MD supplementation significantly (P < 0.01) increased FI compared to BD in the GR from control and NZn-treated dams. In addition, MD supplementation resulted in increased feeding and drinking behaviours frequency and duration, while self-grooming was reduced in both NTD and NZn-treated dams in relation to BD supplemented groups. Moreover, MD significantly decreased oxidative stress in GR from NTD. Also, MD induced a significant (P < 0.01) increase in T3 level and enhanced the liver and kidney functions in GR from all treated dams compared to control. Furthermore, MD supplementation increased the economic efficiency of GR. In conclusion, MD supplementation to GRs or treatment of their dams with the mentioned treatments decreased weaning stress, improved rabbit behaviour, and improved economic efficiency, but no significant improvement in the GRs performance was observed. However, treatments of dams and their GR with MD resulted in GR inability to cope with weaning stress and induced renal and hepatic damage. Thus, it is recommended to supplement GR with MD after weaning or prenatal treatment of their dams with herbal extract or nano-herbal particles, but a combination of both treatments is not recommended.